By R. B. Keey and P. V. Danckwerts (Auth.)
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Example text
60) Rather, it seems that the vapour pressure at the surface of a drying porous body is always less than that of a free-moisture surface at the same temperature, although the difference may be extremely small with very wet materials. Moisture Isotherm Our present theoretical understanding does not enable us to estimate the variations of the equilibrium-moisture content with relative humidity from first principles, but certain "models" provide worthwhile methods of correlating and interpolating data.
Biological materials, such as foodstuffs, are partially susceptible to damage by heat during drying. These degradative phenomena considerably circumscribe the possible processing conditions. Shrinkage Shrinkage is caused primarily by the self-contraction of the material as moisture is removed. 37) where ß is the bulk-shrinkage coefficient. Only if the material shrinks down to the bone-dry condition will V0 equal the moisture-free volume of the solid. Since the shrinkage may be anisotropic, it is sometimes more convenient to consider linear changes.
The overall difference now becomes an inappropriate criterion for the onset of surface cracking. 48) Es- dz where Es is the modulus of shear-elasticity (kN/m2). 39) for elastic stretching. 49) {1+γ*Χο) s where ys is the linear-shear coefficient (the analogue of the linear-shrinkage coefficient), kN/m2; L* is the length when the stress is finally relaxed, m; L0 is the initial length before shearing begins, m.
