By Andrew Parr
Approximately all business approaches require items to be moved, manipulated or subjected to a couple kind of strength. this is often often entire through electric gear (such as vehicles or solenoids), or through units pushed by means of air (pneumatics) or drinks (hydraulics). This booklet has been written by means of a technique regulate engineer as a advisor to the operation of hydraulic and pneumatic structures for all engineers and technicians who desire to have an perception into the elements and operation of this kind of system.This moment variation has been totally up to date to incorporate all contemporary advancements resembling the expanding use of proportional valves, and comprises an additional multiplied part on commercial defense. it is going to end up fundamental to all these wishing to profit approximately hydraulics and pneumatics. * provides extra crucial, yet uncomplicated maths on pipe move and strain drops* bargains the most recent details on proportional valves and the electronics playing cards now showing in hydraulic structures* incorporates a new part on defense together with ecu laws
Read or Download Hydraulics and Pneumatics: A Technician's and Engineer's Guide, Second Edition PDF
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Additional resources for Hydraulics and Pneumatics: A Technician's and Engineer's Guide, Second Edition
Sample text
There are essentially two distinct requirements for this operation. As the cylinder extends or retracts a large volume of fluid is required at a low pressure (sufficient just to overcome friction). As the workpiece is gripped, the requirement changes to a high pressure but minimal fluid volume. 16 A clamping cylinder. 17. Pump P1 is a high pressure low volume pump, while pump P2 is a high volume low pressure pump. l ,j ,~< r ( / y. -2-- . . . . . 17 Combination pump valve which allows flow from left to right, but blocks flow in the reverse direction.
Energy in a unit mass of fluid has three components: 9 kinetic energy from its motion, given by ve/2 where v is flow velocity 9 potential energy from the height of the fluid 9 energy arising from the pressure of the fluid, given by P/O where P is the pressure and o the density. 17. Neglecting energy losses from friction, energies at points X, Y and Z will be equal. 17 Relationship between flow and pressure 26 Hydraulics and Pneumatics because of the smaller pipe diameter. Potential energy at each point is constant because the pipe is horizontal, so we can write: Vx2 +Px _ Vy__ 2 + Py _ _ Vz2 __ + _Pz _ 2 /9 Energy at X 2 /9 Energy at Y (1 13) 2 /9 Energy at Z We have implied an incompressible fluid by assuming the density, P, is constant throughout.
1, gives" Power - PxAxd T but A x d/T is flow rate, hence: Power = pressure x flow rate. 2 is specified in impractical SI units (pressure in pascal, time in seconds, flow in cubic metres). We may adapt the expression to use more practical units (pressure in bar, flow rate in litres min -1) with the expression: P o w e r - pressure • flow rate Kw. 600 Pipe area A .... 3) 38 Hydraulics and Pneumatics For Imperial systems (pressure in psig, flow rate in gallons min-1), the expression becomes: P o w e r - pressure x flow rate 1915 Kw.
