By Mark Denny
Ingenium is medieval English vernacular for "an inventive contrivance." during this interesting ebook, physicist Mark Denny considers 5 such contrivances—the bow and arrow, the waterwheel, the counterpoise siege engine (including the trebuchet), the pendulum clock anchor escapement, and the centrifugal governor—and demonstrates how they actually replaced the realm. Interweaving an enjoyable narrative with diagrams, equations, and drawings, Denny stocks the background of every equipment, explains the physics at the back of it, and describes the way it was once used, the way it developed, and why it's major in brand new global. give some thought to the bow and arrow, which reworked battle by means of permitting squaddies to assault their enemies at a secure distance. Or the waterwheel, which enabled previous international civilizations to grind grain, pump water, and tool machines in the course of a interval of utmost exertions shortages. Medieval warriors engaged in an early type of organic conflict through the use of the trebuchet to release lifeless animals or plague-ridden corpses over huge, immense citadel partitions. The pendulum clock eternally enslaved smooth people to the clock by way of linking the exact degree of time to the burdens of schedules, time cut-off dates, promptness, and tardiness. And the centrifugal governor gave upward push to a whole department of recent engineering technology: suggestions control.Reflecting at the inventors of those historic machines and the days during which they lived, Denny concludes with thought-provoking observations approximately inventors, inventiveness, genius, and innovation. even if you dream of constructing a greater mousetrap or launching pumpkins into the stratosphere, Ingenium will tickle your fancy.
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Extra info for Ingenium: Five Machines That Changed the World
Sample text
Now you know the type of person you are dealing with. 81 m sϪ2 or 32 feet per second per second). Maximum range is obtained if the arrow sets o¤ at an angle of α ϭ 45Њ to the ground. If we take v ϭ 60 m sϪ1 then we obtain a range of 367 m, or 400 yards. This range is further than the reported ranges for most medieval or modern bows (approximately 250 m). The di¤erence, you will not be surprised to hear, is due to aerodynamic drag. Drag is a complicated enough subject for simple, symmetrical objects such as cannonballs.
The average length of the bows found on the Mary Rose was 2 m (6 feet 6 inches), and they were estimated to be able to penetrate mail armor at 200 yards. Their draw weight exceeded 100 pounds (Kooi 1997). These bows (and there were 137 of them in the Mary Rose, along with 3,500 arrows) were perhaps inferior to the longbows of the Hundred Years’ War, a century earlier, since bows and arrows were giving way to gunpowder weapons by the time the Mary Rose sank. Nevertheless, they were still powerful killing machines.
At age 24 he took part in Napoleon’s disastrous invasion of Russia, where he was left for dead on the field of battle before being taken prisoner and incarcerated at Saratov, on the Volga. During this period of enforced leisure he wrote an influential mathematical treatise, which helped to lay the foundations of modern projective geometry. It is for this work, published several years later in 1822, that mathematicians chiefly remember him. He was released from prison and returned to France in 1814.
