By H. Bloch, F. geitner
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Extra info for Machinery Failure Analysis and Troubleshooting
Example text
Usually a mass spectrograph or similar instrument for positive metal component identification will yield the desired answer. In absence of such instruments the analyst would have to resort to quick tests as indicated in Figure 18 Machinery Failure Analysis & Troubleshooting 2-3. This figure describes the alloy family, with its distinguishing characteristics of color, hardness as determined by scraping with a knife, magnetism, and spot tests. If the color of the metal is reddish rather than silvery, you are most probably dealing with a copper containing alloy.
The chevrons or arrows on the face of a brittle fracture always point to the origin of a crack. Fatigue is the primary failure mode for more than 90 percent of mechanical failures. The term originated during the 1800s when it was thought that metal parts failed because, like our muscles, they grew tired after long use. Actually, fatigue failures are caused by repeated stress cycles, that is, by fluctuating stresses. Four point are important to understanding fatigue: • • • • Without stress fluctuations fatigue cannot happen Fatigue happens at stress levels well below the tensile strength of the material Where corrosion is present, the fatigue strength of metals continuously decreases The crack takes measurable time to progress across the fracture face.
Thus, fracture can originate at any point within the highly stressed volume. Torsion. The stress system rotates 45° counterclockwise when a shaft is loaded in torsion, as also shown in Figure 2-8. Both the tensile and compressive stresses are 45° to the shaft axis and remain mutually perpendicular. One shear-stress component is parallel with the shaft axis; the other is perpendicular to the shaft axis. In a ductile material loaded to failure in torsion, shear stresses cause considerable deformation prior to fracture.
