By Luiz Octavio Amaral Affonso
Understanding why and the way mess ups take place is important to failure prevention, as even the slightest breakdown can result in catastrophic demise and asset in addition to frequent pollutants. This booklet is helping someone concerned with equipment reliability, no matter if within the layout of recent vegetation or the upkeep and operation of present ones, to appreciate why procedure apparatus fails and thereby hinder related failures.
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Extra info for Machinery Failure Analysis Handbook. Sustain Your Operations and Maximize Uptime
Example text
Many components can be standardized easily, like mechanical seals, couplings, antifriction bearings, small turbine governors, and lubrication oil. The introduction of a state-of-the-art component can solve many reliability problems, especially in older plants using outdated equipment. 2. Operation and maintenance procedures can be modified to reduce failures. 3. Machines and installations may need design modifications, such as installation of new mechanical seals or more effective lubricants, improvements in the bearing housing sealing, modifications in control systems to avoid cavitation, or installation of modern antisurge systems.
Some examples follow; an in-depth discussion is beyond the scope of this book: 1. Predictive maintenance, such as vibration and performance monitoring and analysis. 2. Preventive maintenance, such as cleaning and lubrication. 3. Spare parts management. 4. Operator and mechanics training. 5. Reliability-centered maintenance. 6. Benchmarking, to know the objectives. 25 26 Introduction to Failure Analysis This chapter contains a brief discussion of how to organize a plant to avoid equipment failures, using the information obtained through a failure analysis program and other methods.
6 illustrates two stress distributions that can result in quite different fracture mechanisms. On the left side, plane stress is illustrated. The plane stress condition can be found when the stress in one direction is much smaller than that in the other two directions, in thin components, for example. It can be seen that shear stress is large relative to tensile stress, a condition that makes plastic deformation and ductile fracture more likely. The right side of the figure shows a triaxial stress distribution.
