By Donald M. Nicol
The Byzantine empire within the final centuries of its life needed to rebuild itself after its conquest and dismemberment via the Fourth campaign in 1204. Its emperors in exile recovered Constantinople in 1261 and this publication narrates their empire's struggles for survival from that date until eventually its ultimate conquest via Ottoman Turks in 1453. First released in 1972, the e-book has been thoroughly revised to take account of contemporary scholarship. It continues to be the easiest synthesis of the political, ecclesiastical and historic occasions of the interval.
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Additional info for The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (Second Edition)
Example text
He preferred to appoint his own officials from the lower ranks of society. To the patriarchate, which fell vacant in 1254, he secured the election of a pious but narrow-minded monk called Arsenios. Such men were grateful to accept his orders and do his bidding. For in Theodore's view of things, and perhaps because he had lived in the shadow of a father who was a great emperor, it was an emperor's duty to order and control all departments of Church and State. He neither sought nor commanded the respect of the aristocracy of Nicaea who had helped to bring the Empire to greatness.
Gardner, The Lascarids of Nicaea (London, 1912), pp. 52-115; Ostrogorsky, History, pp. 428-32;CMH, IV, 1 (1966), pp. 290-309; D. M. Nicol, BYzantium and Venice (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 163-4. 22 THE EMPIRE IN EXILE by Theodore Doukas, now master of Thessalonica. In the year 1230, on what had once been Byzantine territory, there were in fact three empires in existence, two Greek and one Latin. But hovering on the side lines was the ruler of Bulgaria, John Asen, who fancied his own chances of mastering Constantinople.
In due course, having established a headquarters and capital in the city of Nicaea in north-western Asia Minor, he adopted the title of Emperor of the Byzantine Empire in exile. A new Orthodox Patriarch was appointed in Nicaea, and in 1208 he placed the imperial crown on the head of Theodore Laskaris. The Byzantine church and state were reborn in Nicaea. 4 The Latin Empire was thus faced with Byzantine resistance from two sides. But the Emperor Baldwin of Flanders, a stranger in a strange land, provoked a third and more dangerous enemy in the north.
